The Wright Brothers and the First Flight of an Airplane

In 1899, after Wilbur Wright had written a letter of request to the Smithsonian Institution for information about flight experiments, the Wright Brothers designed their first aircraft. It was a small, biplane glider flown as a kite to test their solution for controlling the craft by wing warping. Wing warping is a method of arching the wingtips slightly to control the aircrafts rolling motion and balance. Lessons From Birdwatching The Wright Brothers spent a great deal of time observing birds in flight. They noticed that birds soared into the wind and that the air flowing over the curved surface of their wings created lift. Birds change the shape of their wings to turn and maneuver. They believed that they could use this technique to obtain roll control by warping or changing the shape, of a portion of the wing. The Gliders Experiments Over the next three years, Wilbur and his brother Orville would design a series of gliders that would be flown in both unmanned (as kites) and piloted flights. They read about the works of Cayley  and Langley and the hang-gliding flights of Otto Lilienthal. They corresponded with Octave Chanute concerning some of their ideas. They recognized that control of the flying aircraft would be the most crucial and hardest problem to solve. So following a successful glider test, the Wrights built and tested a full-size glider. They selected Kitty Hawk, North Carolina as their test site because of its wind, sand, hilly terrain and remote location. In the year 1900, the Wright brothers successfully tested their new 50-pound biplane glider with its 17-foot wingspan and wing-warping mechanism at Kitty Hawk in both unmanned and piloted flights. In fact, it was the first piloted glider. Based on the results, the Wright Brothers planned to refine the controls and landing gear, and build a bigger glider. In 1901, at Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, the Wright Brothers flew the largest glider ever flown. It had  a 22-foot wingspan, a weight of nearly 100 pounds and skids for landing. However, many problems occurred. The wings did not have enough lifting power, the forward elevator was not effective in controlling the pitch and the wing-warping mechanism occasionally caused the airplane to spin out of control. In their disappointment, they predicted that man will probably not fly in their lifetime. In spite of the problems with their last attempts at flight, the Wright brothers  reviewed their test results and determined that the calculations they had used were not reliable. They decided to build a wind tunnel to test a variety of wing shapes and their effect on lift. Based upon these tests, the inventors had a greater understanding of how an airfoil (wing) works and could calculate with greater accuracy how well a particular wing design would fly. They planned to design a new glider with a 32-foot wingspan and a tail to help stabilize it. The Flyer In 1902, the Wright brothers flew numerous test glides using their new glider. Their studies showed that a movable tail would help balance the craft and so they connected a movable tail to the wing-warping wires to coordinate turns. With successful glides to verify their wind tunnel tests, the inventors planned to build a powered aircraft. After months of studying how propellers work, the Wright Brothers designed a motor and a new aircraft sturdy enough to accommodate the motors weight and vibrations. The craft weighed 700 pounds and came to be known as the Flyer. The  First Manned Flight The Wright brothers built a movable track to help launch the Flyer. This downhill track would help the aircraft gain enough airspeed to fly. After two attempts to fly this machine, one of which resulted in a minor crash, Orville Wright took the Flyer for a 12-second, sustained flight on December 17, 1903. This was the first successful powered and piloted flight in history. In 1904, the first flight lasting more than five minutes took place on November 9th. The Flyer II was flown by Wilbur Wright. In 1908, passenger flight took a turn for the worse when the first fatal air crash occurred on September 17. Orville Wright was piloting the plane. Orville Wright survived the crash, but his passenger, Signal Corps Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge, did not. The Wright Brothers had been allowing passengers to fly with them since May 14, 1908. In 1909, the U.S. Government bought its first airplane, a Wright Brothers biplane, on July 30. The airplane sold for $25,000 plus a bonus of $5,000 because it exceeded 40 mph. Wright Brothers - Vin Fiz First Armed Airplane On July 18, 1914, an Aviation Section of the Signal Corps (part of the Army) was established. Its flying unit contained airplanes made by the Wright Brothers as well as some made by their chief competitor, Glenn Curtiss. Patent Suit Although Glenn Curtisss invention, ailerons (French for little wing), was far different from the Wrights wing-warping mechanism, the Court determined that use of lateral controls by others was unauthorized by patent law.

The Price Of A Coca Cola - 1414 Words

The graph below represents the price of a Coca-Cola stock from 1988 onwards (the availability of the data is from 1988). Over the past three or four years from 2012 onwards, the price of the stock has fallen from around $14 to around $9. A reasonable growth rate for the company in the future would be around 1 to 2%, taking into account of macroeconomic conditions and changes in consumer preferences. However, since Coca-Cola is a global brand with relatively large market share, the duration of decline in company performance will be shorter. As an approximation, the growth of the company will grow around 2% a year. Dividend Discount Model The dividend discount model (DDM) is a method for valuing the price of a stock by using past historical data to predict future dividends and then discounting them back to present value. It can be deduced that if the value obtained from the DDM is higher than what the shares are currently trading at, then the stock is undervalued. In other words, the value of a stock is equal to the future value of all the dividends, discounted by an appropriate risk-adjusted rate. This is because no stock is ultimately worth more than what it will provide investors in terms of current and future dividends. To calculate the value for a stock, the formula is given: From part (3), the discount rate is 5.38% and from part 4, the growth rate is 2%. On average, the dividend return per share is 22.61c. This is on average for every dividend distribution fromShow MoreRelatedPrice Adaptation And Changes Of Coca Cola2108 Words   |  9 PagesPrice Adaptation and Changes The price of the product and/or service a firm charges to their customers, whether they are customers in the beginning stages of the supply chain, such as a wholesaler or retailer, or whether they are the end consumers, are to cover the costs of obtaining, procuring, marketing and selling the product and/or service and to turn a profit for the company. Therefore, it is imperative that not only firms adopt a pricing strategy to accomplish this task, but it must also adaptRead MoreCoca Cola And Pepsi Product Strategy1229 Words   |  5 PagesCoca Cola and Pepsi are the brands with the highest brand equities. Both, Coca Cola and Pepsi have gone through the highs and lows of their business to reach that position. Coca Cola’s marketing has been changing over time with more and more products being added every day, while Pepsi has implemented several smart marketing strategies to improve its turnover and profits. So, let’s see what were the marketing strategies implemented b y Coca Cola and Pepsi. Coca Cola Pepsi Product Strategy: CocaRead MoreProduct Analysis Project : Coca Cola902 Words   |  4 PagesProduct Analysis Project; Coca-Cola †¢ Product (or Service): Coca-Cola †¢ Place description: All around the world. †¢ Pricing description: A pricing strategy based on the basis of competition. †¢ Promotion(s) description: Mostly television ads. Product We all recognize the red can with the logo of Coca-Cola on it, that is why Coca-Cola is the leading provider of soft drinks in the world. Outpacing its biggest competition Pepsi in 2010, it had the No. 1 selling soda with regular Coke and with Diet CokeRead MoreCoca Colas Annual Sales1332 Words   |  6 PagesSince its creation in 1886, Coca Cola has had steadily increasing sales year after year making Coca Cola not only a house hold name but making them the largest soda manufacturer in the world. Recently though they have seen a decrease in sales. In the past five years Coca Cola’s yearly sales revenues have been consistently in between 40 to 50 billion dollars. 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Glass ceiling Free Essays

Shlreen Naqvi Submitted To: Sir. Jahangir Abstract: The glass ceiling persists for women in public relations and communications management, despite increasing feminization of these fields. This qualitative study seeks to Identify factors that support and perpetuate the problem of the glass celling for women in public relations and corporate communications management. We will write a custom essay sample on Glass ceiling or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction: Glass ceiling, the point at which you can clearly see the next level of promotion but despite of your best effort, an invisible barrier seems to stop you from proceeding further In order to reach your set goals. Traditionally, the glass ceiling was a concept applied to women and some of the minorities. It was very hard but not impossible for them to reach upper management positions. No matter how qualified or experienced, they simply were not given opportunltles to further advance with their careers. Today, there are many more women and minorities in powerful positions. However the glass ceiling is still very real and it is not always limited to gender or race. It is a topic to be discussed In order to overcome this hurdle and to make necessary arrangements in the systems where ever necessary, so that everyone has a free hand to flourish more and more. Research objectives: The aim of this article is to highlight the problems which the female employees face In their career, how the gender discrimination Is being done and the dfferent ways nd tools in order to make the female employees to lag behind. lass ceiling By shireennaqvi Shireen Naqvi seeks to identify factors that support and perpetuate the problem of the glass ceiling further in order to reach your set goals. Traditionally, the glass ceiling was a concept they simply were not given opportunities to further advance with their careers. topic to be discussed in order to overcome this hurdle and to make necessary in their career, how the gender discrimination is being done and the different ways How to cite Glass ceiling, Papers